The
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV),
[1] also termed
EMC/2012 (
HCoV-EMC/2012), is positive-sense, single-stranded RNA novel species of the genus
Betacoronavirus. First called
Novel coronavirus 2012 or simply
novel coronavirus, it was first reported in 2012 after genome sequencing of a virus isolated from sputum samples from patients who fell ill in a 2012 outbreak of a new flu. As of 2 May 2014, MERS-CoV cases have been reported in several countries, including Saudi Arabia, Malaysia,
Jordan, Qatar, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Tunisia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and the United States.
Virology
The virus MERS-CoV is a new member of the beta group of coronavirus,
Betacoronavirus, lineage C. MERS-CoV genomes are phylogenetically classified into two
clades, clade A and B. The earliest cases of MERS were of clade A clusters (EMC/2012 and Jordan-N3/2012), and new cases are genetically distinct (clade B).
[2]MERS-CoV is distinct from
SARS and distinct from the common-cold coronavirus and known endemic human betacoronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1.
[3] Until 23 May 2013, MERS-CoV had frequently been referred to as a SARS-like virus,
[4] or simply the novel coronavirus, and early it was referred to colloquially on messageboards as the "Saudi SARS".
Origin
The first confirmed cases were reported in an Amman, Jordan hospital among health care workers and nursing staff in April 2012, where the cases were determined to be H2H transmission. Later a 60-year-old male patient with acute
pneumonia and acute
renal failure, who passed away in
Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia on 24 June 2012.
[3] Egyptian virologist Dr. Ali Mohamed Zaki isolated and identified a previously unknown coronavirus from the man's
lungs.
[5][6][7] Dr. Zaki then posted his findings on 24 September 2012 on
ProMED-mail.
[6][8][8] The isolated cells showed
cytopathic effects (CPE), in the form of rounding and
syncetia formation.
[8]
A second case was found in September 2012. A 49-year-old male living in Qatar presented similar flu symptoms, and a sequence of the virus was nearly identical to that of the first case.
[3] In November 2012, similar cases appeared in Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Additional cases were noted, with deaths associated, and rapid research and monitoring of this novel coronavirus began. It is not certain whether the infections are the result of a single
zoonotic event with subsequent human-to-human transmission, or if the multiple geographic sites of infection represent multiple zoonotic events from a common unknown source.
A study by Ziad Memish of Riyadh University and colleagues suggests that the virus arose sometime between July 2007 and June 2012, with perhaps as many as 7 separate zoonotic transmissions. Among animal reservoirs, CoV has a large genetic diversity yet the samples from patients suggest a similar genome, and therefore common source, though the data are limited. It has been determined through molecular clock analysis, that viruses from the EMC/2012 and England/Qatar/2012 date to early 2011 suggesting that these cases are descended from a single zoonotic event. It would appear the MERS-CoV has been circulating in the human population for greater than one year without detection and suggests independent transmission from an unknown source.
[9][10]Tropism
In humans, the virus has a strong
tropism for nonciliated bronchial epithelial cells, and it has been shown to effectively evade the innate immune responses and antagonize
interferon (IFN) production in these cells. This tropism is unique in that most respiratory viruses target ciliated cells.
[11][12]Due to the clinical similarity between MERS-CoV and
SARS-CoV, it was proposed that they may use the same cellular receptor; the exopeptidase, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (
ACE2).
[13] However, it was later discovered that neutralization of ACE2 by recombinant antibodies does not prevent MERS-CoV infection.
[14] Further research identified dipeptyl peptidase 4 (
DPP4; also known as
CD26) as a functional cellular receptor for MERS-CoV.
[12] Unlike other known coronavirus receptors, the
enzymatic activity of DPP4 is not required for infection. As would be expected, the amino acid sequence of DPP4 is highly conserved across species and is expressed in the human bronchial epithelium and kidneys.
[12][15] Bat DPP4 genes appear to have been subject to a high degree of adaptive evolution as a response to coronavirus infections, so the lineage leading to MERS-CoV may have circulated in bat populations for a long period of time before being transmitted to people.
[16]Transmission
On 13 February 2013, the
World Health Organization stated "the risk of sustained person-to-person transmission appears to be very low."
[17] The cells MERS-CoV infects in the lungs only account for 20% of respiratory epithelial cells, so a large number of virions are likely needed to be inhaled to cause infection.
[15]As of 29 May 2013, the WHO is now warning that the MERS-CoV virus is a "threat to entire world."
[18] However, Dr.
Anthony S. Fauci of the
National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, stated that as of now MERS-CoV "does not spread in a sustained person to person way at all." Dr. Fauci stated that there is potential danger in that it is possible for the virus to mutate into a strain that does transmit from person to person.
[19]The infection of healthcare workers (HCW) leads to concerns of human to human transmission.
[20]The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) list MERS as
transmissible from human-to-human. From their FAQ, in answer to the question "Does MERS-CoV spread from person to person?", they answer "MERS-CoV has been shown to spread between people who are in close contact. Transmission from infected patients to healthcare personnel has also been observed. Clusters of cases in several countries are being investigated.".
[21] There is also a
New York Times article which provides some correlative context for this.
[22]Natural reservoir
Early research suggested the virus is related to one found in the
Egyptian tomb bat. In September 2012 Ron Fouchier speculated that the virus might have originated in bats.
[23] Work by epidemiologist Ian Lipkin of
Columbia University in New York showed that the virus isolated from a bat looked to be a match to the virus found in humans.
[24][25] [26] 2c betacoronaviruses were detected in
Nycteris bats in Ghana and
Pipistrellus bats in Europe that are phylogenetically related to the MERS-CoV virus.
[27]Recent work links
camels to the virus. An ahead-of-print dispatch for the journal
Emerging Infectious Diseases records research showing the coronavirus infection in
dromedary camel calves and adults, 99.9% matching to the genomes of human clade B MERS-CoV.
[28]
At least one person who has fallen sick with MERS was known to have come into contact with camels or recently drank
camel milk.
[29]On 9 August 2013, a report in the journal
The Lancet Infectious Diseases showed that 50 out of 50 (100%)
blood serum from
Omani camels and
15 of 105 (14%) from Spanish camels had protein-specific antibodies against the MERS-CoV spike protein. Blood serum from European sheep, goats, cattle, and other camelids had no such antibodies.
[30] Countries like
Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates produce and consume large amounts of
camel meat. The possibility exists that African or Australian
bats harbor the virus and transmit it to camels. Imported camels from these regions might have carried the virus to the Middle East.
[31]
In 2013 MERS-CoV was identified in three members of a dromedary camel herd held in a Qatar barn, which was linked to two confirmed human cases who have since recovered. The presence of MERS-CoV in the camels was confirmed by the
National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM) of the Ministry of Health and the
Erasmus Medical Center (WHO Collaborating Center), the Netherlands. None of the camels showed any sign of disease when the samples were collected. The Qatar Supreme Council of Health advised in November 2013 that people with underlying health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, respiratory disease, the immunosuppressed, and the elderly, avoid any close animal contacts when visiting farms and markets, and to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands.
[32]
A further study on dromedary camels from Saudi Arabia published in December 2013 revealed the presence of MERS-CoV in 90% of the evaluated dromedary camels (310), suggesting that dromedary camels not only could be the main reservoir of MERS-CoV, but also the animal source of MERS.
[33]According to the 27 March 2014 MERS-CoV summary update, recent studies support that camels serve as the primary source of the MERS-CoV infecting humans, while bats may be the ultimate reservoir of the virus. Evidence includes the frequency with which the virus has been found in camels to which human cases have been exposed, seriological data which shows widespread transmission in camels, and the similarity of the camel CoV to the human CoV.
[34]Taxonomy
MERS-CoV is more closely related to the bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5 (lineage 2C) than it is to SARS-CoV (lineage 2B) (2, 9), sharing more than 90% sequence identity with their closest relationships, bat coronaviruses HKU4 and
HKU5 and therefore considered to belong to the same species by the
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
- Mnemonic:
- Taxon identifier:
- Scientific name: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus[1]
- Common name: MERS-CoV
- Synonym: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- Other names:
- Rank:
- Lineage:
- › Viruses
- › ssRNA viruses
- › Group: IV; positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses
- › Order: Nidovirales
- › Family: Coronaviridae
- › Subfamily: Coronavirinae
- › Genus: Betacoronavirus[36]
- › Species: Betacoronavirus 1 (commonly called Human coronavirus OC43), Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4, MERS-CoV
Strains:
Microbiology
The virus grows readily on Vero cells and LLC-MK2 cells.
[8]Research / IP Controversy
Saudi officials had not given permission to Dr. Zaki to send a sample of the virus to Fouchier and they were angered when Fouchier claimed the patent on the full genetic sequence
[38] of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
[38]The editor of
The Economist observed, "Concern over security must not slow urgent work. Studying a deadly virus is risky. Not studying it is riskier."
[38] Dr. Zaki was fired from his job at the hospital as a result of sharing his sample and findings.
[39][40][41][42]At their annual meeting of the
World Health Assembly in May 2013, WHO chief Margaret Chan declared that
intellectual property, or patents on strains of new virus, should not impede nations from protecting their citizens by limiting scientific investigations. Deputy Health Minister Ziad Memish raised concerns that scientists who held the patent for the MERS-CoV virus would not allow other scientists to use patented material and were therefore delaying the development of diagnostic tests.
[43] Erasmus MC responded that the patent application did not restrict public health research into MERS coronavirus,
[44] and that the virus and diagnostic tests were shipped—free of charge—to all that requested such reagents.
Corona Map
On 2 May 2014, the
Corona Map was launched becoming the first site to track the MERS coronavirus in realtime on the world map. The data is officially reported by WHO or the
Ministry of Health of the respective country.
[45]
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